ABSTRACT
The ominous spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is attributed to the droplets respired during coughing, sneezing or speaking. These droplets undergo evaporation to become aerosols, which, along with the larger droplets, are believed to ultimately spread the virus. In this current work, a small, enclosed region like an elevator (containing a COVID infected passenger) is considered where the risk of infection is high as the commonly practiced norm of social distancing is not possible. Numerical simulations are performed using OpenFOAM. Two different types of elevators – one equipped with a sliding door and the other with a collapsible gate, are considered and the change in droplet behavior is examined. Certain parameters pertaining to the risk of virus transmission have been quantified and assessed thoroughly, such as the percentage of droplets floating in the height range from a person's waist height to his mouth height, the radial span of the floating droplets from the infected passenger's mouth. From these parameters, the safety measures to be adopted by other copassengers can be determined. After an extensive study, it has been found that the collapsible gate elevator is safer than the sliding door elevator along with added advantages in the context of disease transmission. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to address two major issues: (1) the spread of epidemics such as COVID-19 due to long waiting times caused by a large number of waiting for customers, and (2) excessive energy consumption resulting from the elevator patterns used by various customers. The first issue is addressed through the development of a mobile application, while the second issue is tackled by implementing two strategies: (1) determining optimal stopping strategies for elevators based on registered passengers and (2) assigning passengers to elevators in a way that minimizes the number of floors the elevators need to stop at. The mobile application serves as an input parameter for the optimization toolbox, which employs the exact method and multi-objective variable neighborhood strategy adaptive search (M-VaNSAS) to find the optimal plan for passenger assignment and elevator scheduling. The proposed method, which adopts an even-odd floor strategy, outperforms the currently practiced procedure and leads to a 42.44% reduction in waiting time and a 29.61% reduction in energy consumption. Computational results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
ABSTRACT
Recently, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, various quarantine measures have been implemented to reduce the spread of the virus. As a part of efforts, the preference for touchless technology has been emerging. In this paper, we propose a touchless elevator control system using CNN-based hand gesture recognition. Experimental results show that the hand recognition AP and FPS on the Jetson TX2 board are 81.87% and 11.8FPS, respectively. We demonstrate that an elevator model could be controlled by virtual elevator buttons utilizing CNN-based hand gesture recognition. The proposed method can be applied to commercial elevators as an approach to prevent the spread of viruses from elevator buttons. © 2023 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Ventilation in confined spaces is essential to reduce the airborne transmission of viruses responsible for respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Mechanical ventilation using purifiers is an interesting solution for elevator cabins to reduce the risk of infection and improve the air quality. In this work, the optimal position and blowing direction of these devices to maximize ventilation and minimize the residence time of the air inside two cabins (large and small) is studied. Special attention is devoted to idle periods when the cabin is not used by the passengers, in order to keep the cabin ambient safe and clean, avoiding that the trapped air in the cabin (after its use) could suppose a reservoir for contaminants. CFD numerical models of two typical cabin geometries, including the discretization of small slots and grilles for infiltration, have been developed. A full 3D URANS approach with a k-epsilon RNG turbulence model and a non-reactive scalar to compute the mean age of air (MAA) was employed. The CFD results have been also validated with experimental measurements from a home-made 1:4 small-scale mock-up. The optimal position of the purifier is on the larger sidewall of the cabins for a downward blowing direction (case 1 of the database). Flow rates in the range of 0.4–0.6 m3/min, depending on the size of the cabin, are sufficient to assure a correct ventilation. Upward blowing may be preferable only if interaction of the jet core with the ceiling or other flow deflecting elements are found. In general, the contribution of infiltrations (reaching values of up to 10%), and how these secondary flows interact with the main flow pattern driven by the purifier, is relevant and not considered previously in the literature. Though an optimal position can improve ventilation considerably, it has been proven that a good choice of the purification flow rate is more critical to ensure an adequate air renewal. © 2022 The Authors
ABSTRACT
In the special period of new corona virus pneumonia epidemic prevention and control, while taking safety protection measures such as disinfection of elevator-related public areas and passenger flow restriction, the application of elevator Internet of Things technology can provide the public with a more intelligent and safe elevator ride guarantee, and further promote the intelligence and safety of elevator operation. To this end, an automatic ultraviolet germicidal lamp system is designed, which can set the required disinfection time and disinfection frequency according to the actual situation, and can achieve disinfection only in the elevator when there is no one in the elevator and when it is not running. At the same time, combined with the actual situation of people's social life, the intelligent appointment, intelligent security system and other special functions combined with the Internet of Things have been added[1]. © 2022 SPIE.
ABSTRACT
In the special period of new corona virus pneumonia epidemic prevention and control, while taking safety protection measures such as disinfection of elevator-related public areas and passenger flow restriction, the application of elevator Internet of Things technology can provide the public with a more intelligent and safe elevator ride guarantee, and further promote the intelligence and safety of elevator operation. To this end, an automatic ultraviolet germicidal lamp system is designed, which can set the required disinfection time and disinfection frequency according to the actual situation, and can achieve disinfection only in the elevator when there is no one in the elevator and when it is not running. At the same time, combined with the actual situation of people's social life, the intelligent appointment, intelligent security system and other special functions combined with the Internet of Things have been added[1]. © 2022 SPIE.
ABSTRACT
This control system is a modern new device which integrates sensing technology, computer technology, network communication technology and mobile communication technology. The system is mainly composed of STM32 single chip microcomputer (SCM) as the control core, sensor as the information detection element, with the corresponding executive mechanism, voice broadcast, display and mobile device. In addition to the functions of conventional push-key call and obstacle detection between elevator doors, it also has the functions of mobile phone remote monitoring, voice recognition control, telephone call alarm and so on. By detecting and recognizing the call signals from keys, mobile phones and voices, the SCM sends forward and reverse commands to the motor and PWM wave signals to the steering gear, so as to realize the opening and closing of elevator lifting and elevator doors. After the elevator reaches the target floor, there will be corresponding voice prompts. When the elevator door is opened, the infrared tube sensor is used to detect whether there are obstacles between the elevator doors. If so, the buzzer makes an alarm. If not, the elevator door closes with delay. All running states of the elevator will be displayed on the OLED screen in real time, and reported to the mobile phone for remote monitoring by users. The corresponding functions are realized after programming and physical debugging. The mobile phone remote call and voice call functions of the system have more prominent advantages during the COVID-19 or in hospitals, which can realize contactless riding, avoid contact with infected germs and greatly save waiting time. © 2022 SPIE.
ABSTRACT
Digital twins are increasingly developed to support the development, operation, and maintenance of cyber-physical systems such as industrial elevators. However, industrial elevators continuously evolve due to changes in physical installations, introducing new software features, updating existing ones, and making changes due to regulations (e.g., enforcing restricted elevator capacity due to COVID-19), etc. Thus, digital twin functionalities (often built on neural network-based models) need to evolve themselves constantly to be synchronized with the industrial elevators. Such an evolution is preferred to be automated, as manual evolution is time-consuming and error-prone. Moreover, collecting sufficient data to re-train neural network models of digital twins could be expensive or even infeasible. To this end, we propose unceRtaInty-aware tranSfer lEarning enriched Digital Twins LATTICE, a transfer learning based approach capable of transferring knowledge about the waiting time prediction capability of a digital twin of an industrial elevator across different scenarios. LATTICE also leverages uncertainty quantification to further improve its effectiveness. To evaluate LATTICE, we conducted experiments with 10 versions of an elevator dispatching software from Orona, Spain, which are deployed in a Software in the Loop (SiL) environment. Experiment results show that LATTICE, on average, improves the Mean Squared Error by 13.131% and the utilization of uncertainty quantification further improves it by 2.71%. © 2022 ACM.
ABSTRACT
Building lifts are among the most-Touched surfaces in a multi-Tenant office.Covid-19 pandemic forces certain types of buildings to be provided with a level of health and safety protection measures which can avoid spread of the contagious diseases. Touchless technologies may be beneficial in the case of virus transmission through surfaces that regularly come into contact with infected people. People would be able to prevent unwanted interaction with polluted surfaces using keycard swiping, voice control, or face recognition technologies. The work herein is called a 'Handless Elevator', where it is considering a touchless elevator controlling system.The study has been implemented with mobile application part and microcontroller as the core of the hardware part. Users are expected to operate the elevator without any special training, and its functioning must be comparable to that of regular elevators. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
A numerical analysis using OpenFOAM has been performed in this work to investigate the infection risk due to droplet dispersal in an enclosed environment resembling an elevator, since infection risk in such confined places is very high. The effect of two scenarios on droplet dispersal, namely, the quiescent and the fan-driven ventilation, both subjected to various climatic conditions (of temperature and humidity) ranging from cold-humid (15 °C, 70% relative humidity) to hot-dry (30 °C, 30% relative humidity) have been studied. A risk factor derived from a dose-response model constructed upon the temporally averaged pathogen quantity existing around the commuter's mouth is used to quantify the risk of infection through airborne mode. It is found that the hot, dry quiescent scenario poses the greatest threat of infection (spatio-averaged risk factor 42%), whereas the cold-humid condition poses the least risk of infection (spatio-averaged risk factor 30%). The proper fan speed is determined for the epidemiologically safe operation of the elevator. The fan ventilation scenario with 1100 RPM (having a spatio-averaged risk factor of 10%) decreases the risk of infection by 67% in a hot, dry climatic condition as compared to a quiescent scenario and significantly in other climatic ambiences as well. The deposition potential of aerosolized droplets in various parts of the respiratory tract, namely, the extrathoracic and the alveolar and bronchial regions, has been analyzed thoroughly because of the concomitant repercussions of infection in various depths of the respiratory region. In addition, the airborne mode of infection and the fomite mode of infection (infection through touch) have also been investigated for both the ventilation scenarios. © 2022 Author(s).
ABSTRACT
In response to the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the use of short-term confined spaces has attracted widespread attention, and elevators have become a major pathway for pathogens. This study uses video recognition technology to develop a contactless elevator operating system, which can be operated by hand gestures of the user. This design can solve current elevator usage problems by integrating human and spatial aspects into the control mode and user interface. By observing and analyzing operational interfaces and behaviors in current hospital elevators, specifications for the new interface were developed. A video motion recognition sensory system was applied to formulate the design and planning principles of the noncontact elevator. Gesture images were combined with simulations to create experimental tasks, in which users were timed and interviewed to evaluate the acceptability and efficiency of the designed interface. The results of this study show that the planning and design of noncontact elevator control modes and user interfaces are advantageous, intuitive, and easy to learn. The control interface of the elevator was displayed in an electronic panel using colors, shapes, and sizes to show operational information, enabling a quick search and high learnability. © MYU K.K.
ABSTRACT
With the spread of COVID-19,elevators as a confined space and a frequently used tool in human life, have a very urgent need for disinfection. Currently, most elevator disinfection products on the market focus on local disinfection. However, when elevators carry a large number of people and the distance between people is too close, the probability of virus transmission is greatly increased. Then simple local disinfection will not meet the high disinfection requirements. At this point, the expectations generated by the overall disinfection product increase. In this paper, a hard systems approach-Hall 3D structure is used to create a 3D model for the design of elevator disinfection equipment based on the propagation environment of COVID-19. The design process can be carried out in a smooth manner with continuous progress and optimization. This paper presents the whole process of investigation and experimentation for the design of elevator disinfection equipment in a temporal dimension, complemented by a logical dimension and a knowledge dimension to help designers get timely feedback, identify problems in the design process, and conduct actual user experience. The design of the elevator disinfection device was finalized through experimental research. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe form of asthma. SARS-COV 2 is a virus that is the cause of the COVID epidemic. SARS- COV 2 is mostly transmitted through the air inhalation of respiratory droplets ejected by infected people. People are in danger as a result of this developing COVID-19 and other diseases like OMICRON with symptoms that are similar to COVID, by the patterns of transmission. The continuous pandemic demonstrates the need for us to work together to avoid disaster. Elevators are a type of transportation that are used even in small enclosed areas with a number of settings, frequently transporting a large number of users in a short period of time. For Infection prevention and control elevators should be redesigned. Currently, manual procedures are used for cleaning and disinfecting elevator cabins, which takes a lot of time and effort. User compliance is necessary for elevator hygiene standards such as hand sanitization and mask utilization. The proposed method presents a UV-C light-based technology for disinfecting elevator cabins automatically. This could be accomplished in a manner that does not intervene with the ordinary operation of elevator, which is controlled by a microcontroller. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
At present, COVID-19 cross-infection is easy to occur in dense places such as elevators. There are no epidemic prevention measures for construction site elevators on the market, and most of them require manual temperature measurement and reminders to wear masks and helmets to avoid the spread of the epidemic. This paper designs an intelligent epidemic prevention system for the elevator ride process in a modern construction site environment, which can achieve non-contact human temperature measurement, mask and helmet recognition and voice call elevator function. The system uses Arduino UNO as the control core, Kendryte K210 as machine vision processing module, non-contact infrared temperature sensor MLX90614, and voice recognition sensor LD3320. The system has the functions of non-contact temperature detection, mask/helmet recognition(YOLOv3) and voice call elevator. Experimental results showed that the recognition accuracy rate of helmet, mask, voice call elevator is 91.5%, 92.0% and 93.0% respectively. The temperature measurement accuracy rate is 0.2ĝ., which can effectively prevent the spread of the epidemic caused by contact and breathing, and has the advantages of stable, intelligent, and safe work. © 2021 ACM.
ABSTRACT
How the board completed this plan will comprise this article, addressing each elevator individually, highlighting our fundraising projects, as well as the financial support received through grants and gifts. After another year of fundraising and having been supported by a major matching grant of $25,000 as well as sizable provincial bridge grants, the board had accrued enough funds to complete the last elevator. Financing the Elephant I offer these comments to encourage and assist other museum boards in their quest for funds. The board then started looking at annual fundraisers. Since our inception, our board has held a family barbecue on site on the Monday after Father's Day in June, offering free tours and a silver collection bowl.
ABSTRACT
Fast spreading covid-19 demand people to quickly cut the transmission over humans. Physical distancing is one of the efforts by keeping safe distance with at least 1 meter between people. This work is to find ways and implement computer vision methods to monitor, detect, and provide warnings of violation of physical distancing in public areas such as in elevators (lifts) which are equipped with monitoring cameras. Yolov3 still has problem of detecting half or full body proportion of human. Finally in this work, human proportional face over body detection has been checked whether it is full body or half body bounding boxes of human object detection to increase accuracy by 12.5 percent of distance measurement. Uncertainty of changing state of microcontroller has also been solved by collecting consecutive states which contain a number of warning/no warning condition of physical distancing violation. © 2021 ACM.
ABSTRACT
Existing elevators use a wide variety of methods in their systems to provide a direct response to the input received by first checking the inputs to operate. This response is related to the movement of the elevator itself. The research was conducted to minimize the movement of the elevator. In addition, as a form of effort to reduce the spread of Covid 19, the touchless button is introduced to the elevator operating system. The provision of the fuzzy logic method will make the elevator system manage the input given to determine priorities in the elevator movement. There are several input variables in the fuzzy method: position, distance, direction, and elevator capacity. Fuzzy logic will manage these variables, which are then obtained in the form of elevator movement priority. PLC used in this study is PLC Outseal Mega V1.1 as a controller on the elevator. The input uses a proximity infrared sensor so that it can provide input without touch. The use of functions on the PLC such as comparators, timers, and counters can realize an elevator system based on fuzzy logic calculations. The output used is a relay that will operate the DC motor. The proposed method realizes an innovative elevator operating system to stop the spread of covid 19. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Recently, the outbreak of COVID-19 once again has brought public health issues back to the forefront, emphasizing the importance of public health and the threat posed by public health problems to the health of people [1]. As public facilities become more and more developed and advanced, it is absolutely necessary to maintain their sanitary level. In this epidemic, contact infection in confined space is one of the main transmission routes of the virus;the frequently used button area inside the elevator therefore has a very high risk of infection. With the goal of being independent of the internal circuit of the elevator, not hindering the use of the elevator and not relying on the initiative of the user, this paper has carried out practice and research on reducing the contact infection caused by the operation of the elevator button. This paper mainly includes the analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of existing schemes, the introduction of a non-contact ultraviolet elevator button disinfection device based on image recognition and Arduino, the influence of light intensity on the accuracy of image recognition in this device, and the mathematical modeling related to the time cost of the better scheme. © 2021 IEEE
ABSTRACT
The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 or its RNA on surfaces, points, or wastewaters may increase the risk of transmission of this virus. Therefore, we conducted this review to discuss the places and surfaces with the highest potential for infection and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Several common and public areas, hospitals, elevators, public transport, local markets, and surfaces such as public toilets, door handles, untreated and treated wastewaters, wastewater plants, and public washrooms are also considered major points for spreading of SARS-CoV-2. Highly contaminated surfaces or places often have materials or contain items made of materials on which the SARS-CoV-2 virus can persist (e.g., metal, wood, and plastic). For example, SARS-CoV-2 can exist up to 4 days on doorknobs made by those materials. For public places such as public transports, elevators, and local markets, crowding and enclosed spaces are major source for transmission. Several measures such as using copper alloy surfaces instead of metal surfaces, disinfectants, and suitable personal protective equipment have been suggested. Our research could be the basis to help develop studies on the existence and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 as well as its RNA to take measures to prevent and limit the harmful effects of COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
The year 2020 will always be remembered as the year of a global pandemic. With many places gradually emerging out of lock-downs, the thought of concerted existence amid COVID-19 is being revisited. One such problem is the use of elevators in any building, use of elevators in the times of COVID can be very risky in the transmission of virus. Based on this hypothesis, this paper presents a methodology for maintaining sanitization and security, by incorporating facial recognition in elevators. These elevators are designed to work using voice commands making them completely contactless, also this system includes a thermal sensor to measure the body temperature of every user and notify everyone around them. Using all these different sensors embedded in machine, the device can do much more than an ordinary elevator and can act as a modern smart device that is capable of solving all the problems single handedly. The key aim of this research paper is to demonstrate how various modules function together to accomplish a common goal: to render the experience of moving between floors smart and sanitary during COVID. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.